Unit 531 Principles of Professional Coaching Assessment Brief | SBTL

University School Of Business and Technology London(SBTL)
Subject Unit 531 Principles of Professional Coaching

Assessment Brief

This Mark Sheet is for Unit 531, the word count for this unit is approximately 4000, for the full breakdown please see Assessment.

TO BE COMPLETED BY THE LEARNER/CENTRE
Learner name: Robert Bullock-Swart CMI Membership No: Centre: KnowledgeBrief
Date submitted: 29/10/25 Part of Batch Qualification: Level 5 Coaching Professional
Markers Result: Refer

Markers Name: Paul Harvey

 

IV / IQA Result: Passed / Referred

IV / IQA Name:

Date:

Struggling with your Unit 531 Principles of Professional Coaching Assignment?

For resubmissions please ensure amendments are submitted in blue for the first referral submission and red for second referral submission; to differentiate from the original/previous submission.

LO1 Understand the principles of professional coaching

LO2 Understand the process for contracting and delivering professional coaching

Learning Outcome AC No Assessment Criteria Assessment result

Pass/Refer

Marker Feedback
1 1.1 Discuss the benefits of professional coaching See below
1 1.2 Evaluate professional coaching with other methods that support the development of individuals
1 1.3 Analyse the roles and responsibilities for delivering and managing professional coaching
1 1.4 Evaluate the ethical and legal frameworks which inform professional coaching
2 2.1 Evaluate the role and purpose of contracting in professional coaching
2 2.2 Discuss the process for delivering professional coaching

Summative Feedback

Hi Robert

Thank you for submitting your draft evidence for marking and for the time and effort you’ve clearly invested in your work. Before your submission can be formally assessed, it will need to be returned for some essential amendments to bring it in line with CMI and Centre requirements.

Pages 1 and 2 are correctly formatted; however, your Statement of Authenticity, which is currently positioned on page 17, should appear immediately after page 2 as page 3. This should then be followed by your self-assessment, study unit tasks and word count, and finally your main evidence. Please ensure that your evidence is clearly structured using the assessment criteria (ACs) as the main headings for each section.

For example:

AC 1.1 – Discuss the benefits of professional coaching

There should only be one overall word count shown for the full submission — please remove the duplicate or split word count currently displayed and present a single total.

Please note that for Unit 531, there is no requirement to include separate supporting evidence, as all content should be fully integrated into the main body of your written submission.

In line with GDPR requirements, please remove any personal names or identifiable details of individuals you have referred to within your work.

I also noticed that there are currently no academic references included. At Level 5, it is a mandatory requirement to support your work with relevant academic citations and a complete reference list. This demonstrates research, understanding, and adherence to academic standards. Your reference list at the end of your work should appear in alphabetical order and include access dates for online sources.

Please also ensure that UK English spelling conventions are used consistently throughout your work.

Finally, a reminder regarding the use of AI tools such as ChatGPT: if you have used AI to support content generation, this must be clearly cited and referenced in line with CMI’s and the Centre’s policies on academic integrity, plagiarism, and malpractice. Failure to do so may be regarded by CMI as collusion. Where AI has been used to generate or assist in an answer for any assessment criterion, this must be explicitly stated within your work. The correct in-text citation format is as follows:

OpenAI, personal communication, ChatGPT v5, 29 October 2025.

The majority of your work must be written in your own words, showing your personal understanding and application of theory to practice. Over-reliance on quotations or copied material will not meet CMI’s authenticity standards.

Once these amendments have been made, your submission will be ready for me to mark.

Regards

Paul Harvey 29/10/25

Key Guidelines

Each task in this study unit booklet has been developed to enable you to evidence achievement of the learning outcomes and assessment criteria for CMI 531: Principles of Professional Coaching. Each of the assessment criteria must gain a pass outcome for you to successfully achieve the unit.

Preparation for the assessment

  • Before you begin the evidence booklet, please read 531 Study Unit Guide thoroughly as only the content related to the achievement of the assessment criteria will be assessed.
  • Research the topics being assessed. Use the resources available on the KBPRO® learning platform as well as additional reading/web resources recommended by your Skills Coach.
  • Contact your Skills Coach for any additional advice, information or resources which could help you successfully complete the study unit.

Completing the evidence booklet

  • The evidence booklet provides space for you to upload your answer to the specific ACs outlined in the Study Guide.
  • Evidence must be provided in the main body of the assignment booklet. Additional work-based evidence such as plans, or documentation should be included at the end of the booklet as ‘Work-Based Evidence’. Appendices are not a requirement of this assessment brief. If appendices are included these will not be marked or moderated.
  • Work based evidence must be accompanied by a supporting statement in the learner evidence box, to explain the link to the assessment criteria. Work based evidence (where required by the task) must not exceed SIX pages.
  • The assessment booklet must be completed in a professional manner (e.g. applying business conventions for writing formal reports).
  • The assessment booklet must be saved as a word document (.doc or .docx) and not in a PDF format.
  • Harvard Referencing system must be used to ensure the original source(s) of quotations or models can be verified.
  • Finally, you must sign the Learner Authenticity statement (an electronic signature is accepted).

 

Learner support

For information regarding policies and procedures for assessment (e.g. special assessment arrangements, learner support, appeals, complaints, certification, confidentiality, plagiarism) you should contact your Skills Coach and refer to the CMI Level 5 in Professional Coaching Practice Syllabus.

Guideline word count

The amount and volume for this unit should be broadly comparable to a word count of 4000 words, with a margin of +/- 10%.

Any task that is over word count will not be marked by the Assessor and will be returned to the learner for editing.

The following are excluded from the word count, if used and not required by the assessment brief: an introduction to a job role, organisation, or department; index or contents pages; headings and subheadings; diagrams, charts, and graphs; reference list or bibliography; reflective statement drawn from undertaking the study unit and how this has impacted on the learner’s work.

 

Tables are also excluded from the word count; however, overuse of tables can lead to a referral if used to ‘hide’ excessive and extraneous word count. The purpose and content of the table should directly relate to the assessment criteria.

Learner Statement of Authenticity

This statement must be completed and electronically attached to the completed assignment before being submitted.

Qualification Level 5 Professional Coaching
Unit Number and Title 531V3 Principles of professional coaching
Centre Name Knowledge Hub
Learner Name Robert Bullock
Learner CMI Number  
Date Submitted  
Word Count 4009

I Robert Bullock Swart confirm that the work submitted is my own and that I am the sole author of this completed assignment and the following has been checked prior to submission.

Learner self assessment

Please indicate how true the following statements are for you.

1 – Strongly Disagree, 2 – Disagree, 3 – Cannot say, 4 – Agree, 5 – Strongly Agree

Statement Rating
I felt capable completing this assignment. 5
The KBProfessional platform provided enough materials to complete this assignment successfully 5
The materials supplied on the KBProfessional platform were relevant to the assignment. 5
I feel the learning outcomes from this assignment will help me with my role. 5
My Learning Advisor provided an appropriate level of support giving me the best chance of passing this assignment 5
I have dedicated enough time towards this assignment in compliance with my learner agreement 5

Study Unit Tasks and Word Count

Study Unit CMI Study Unit 531 features the following assessment tasks.  Further detail is provided against each assessment task within the brief.

Assessment Task Learning outcomes covered by assessment method Assessment criteria Guideline word count
1 Write a written account or briefing paper entitled:

The principles of effective coaching.  

LO1 Understand the principles of professional coaching.

 

1.1 Discuss the benefits of professional coaching Approx. 2500 words
1.2 Evaluate professional.

coaching with other methods that support the development of

individuals

1.3 Analyse the roles and responsibilities for delivering and managing professional coaching
1.4 Evaluate the ethical and legal frameworks which inform professional coaching

 

2 Wite a written account or report entitled: The process for contracting n delivering professional coaching. LO2 Understand the process for contracting and delivering professional coaching 2.1 Evaluate the role and purpose of contracting in professional coaching Approx.  1500 words
2.2 Discuss the process for delivering professional coaching

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Learner Evidence

Insert your evidence here:

Principles of Effective Coaching: A Reflective Assessment

Introduction

Coaching has emerged as a vital discipline within professional, educational, and personal spheres. In response to increasingly complex environments, it is now widely acknowledged not only for enhancing performance but also for fostering reflection, growth, and lasting transformation (Whitmore, 2017). Unlike traditional training or mentoring, coaching shifts responsibility to the client, with the coach serving as a guide in the process of self-discovery and learning (ICF, 2021). This approach highlights the significance of effective coaching principles, which form the basis for cultivating meaningful relationships, facilitating change, and helping individuals reach their goals.

This paper examines the core principles of effective coaching, integrating academic theories, practitioner perspectives, and reflective practice. It offers both conceptual insight and practical application of coaching models, while also addressing ethical considerations and the formation of a personal coaching philosophy. The discussion begins by exploring the theoretical underpinnings of coaching, followed by an analysis of key principles and their implementation in real world settings. It concludes with a reflection on ethical standards, professional expectations, and the development of a personal approach to coaching.

Adopting a reflective tone, the paper aims to bridge the gap between theory and practice, illustrating how coaching principles can be meaningfully applied in diverse contexts. By connecting academic knowledge with lived coaching experiences, it presents a balanced and thoughtful perspective on the evolving role of coaching in supporting personal and professional development.

AC 1.1 Discussing the benefits of professional coaching.

Effective coaching is grounded in a range of theoretical models that offer structure, clarity, and depth to the coaching process. Among the most widely recognized is the GROW model, developed by Sir John Whitmore (2017), which breaks the coaching conversation into four distinct stages: Goal, Reality, Options, and Will. Its straightforward design and flexibility have made it a staple in coaching practice, helping clients articulate goals, assess their current circumstances, explore possibilities, and commit to actionable steps. While some critics, such as Starr (2016), suggest that GROW may oversimplify complex issues, it remains a valuable framework for initiating meaningful dialogue.

Another influential model is Kolb’s (1984) experiential learning cycle, which emphasizes learning through a continuous process of experience, reflection, conceptualization, and experimentation. In coaching, this approach encourages clients to draw insights from past experiences and apply them to future challenges, promoting adaptability and personal growth. Complementing this is the Johari Window, introduced by Luft and Ingham (1961), which underscores the importance of self-awareness. By revealing hidden or unknown aspects of the self through feedback and open communication, this tool fosters trust and transparency in the coaching relationship.

Carl Rogers’ (2004) person centred approach adds emotional depth to coaching by emphasizing empathy, authenticity, and unconditional positive regard. These relational qualities are often more predictive of coaching success than specific techniques (Passmore, 2021). Additionally, purposeful coaching, as outlined by Grant (2012), shifts attention toward strengths, resources, and future possibilities, offering a constructive alternative to problem centric methods.

Together, these models reflect the richness and diversity of coaching theory. They highlight the importance of integrating multiple perspectives to support clients effectively. By combining structured frameworks with relational and reflective practices, coaches can create dynamic, responsive environments that empower individuals to grow, adapt, and thrive.

AC 1.2 Evaluating professional coaching with other methods that support the development of individuals. 

Across both theoretical frameworks and practical application, several core principles consistently emerge as central to effective coaching. Among these, active listening is widely regarded as the most essential coaching skill. Carl Rogers (2004) emphasized that authentic listening conveys empathy and respect, allowing clients to feel genuinely heard and understood. In my own coaching experience, active listening has proven invaluable, not only in identifying explicit concerns but also in surfacing deeper values, emotions, and motivations that may otherwise remain hidden. When paired with skilful questioning, particularly open-ended and thought-provoking inquiries, coaches can help their clients break free from habitual thought patterns and explore new perspectives (Starr, 2016).

Another foundational principle is goal setting and accountability. The SMART framework (Doran, 1981) offers a structured method for transforming broad aspirations into specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound objectives. Accountability mechanisms such as regular check ins, peer support, or reflective journaling further reinforce progress and commitment. Importantly, when clients take ownership of their accountability structures, the coaching process becomes more empowering and sustainable.

Trust and psychological safety are equally vital. According to research by the International Coach Federation (ICF, 2021), trust is a key predictor of successful coaching outcomes. When clients feel safe to share openly without fear of judgment, the coaching relationship deepens, fostering vulnerability and authentic growth.

Feedback and reflection also play a crucial role in reinforcing learning. Constructive feedback, delivered with care and clarity, can illuminate strengths and areas for development. Meanwhile, reflective practices help clients internalize insights and translate them into meaningful change (Schon, 1983).

Finally, cultural awareness and inclusivity are increasingly recognized as essential components of ethical coaching. Coaches must remain attuned to the diverse identities, backgrounds, and values of their clients (CIPD, 2020). Failure to do so risks perpetuating bias and eroding trust. Together, these principles form a robust foundation for effective coaching, adaptable across contexts while remaining universally relevant.

Practical Application in Coaching Practice

Translating these principles into practice requires adaptability, creativity, and sensitivity to the unique needs of each client. Coaching is not a one-size-fits-all process; it demands a dynamic approach that responds to individual circumstances, goals, and challenges. For instance, in one coaching engagement with a client preparing to transition into a leadership role, I applied the GROW model to structure our sessions. The client initially expressed uncertainty about their ability to lead effectively. Through exploration of their current reality, we discovered that while they possessed strong technical expertise, they lacked confidence in interpersonal communication. By brainstorming options, we developed strategies such as practicing difficult conversations, seeking peer feedback, and shadowing senior leaders. Committing to specific actions empowered the client to make tangible progress and build confidence in their leadership capabilities.

In another case, I used Kolb’s experiential learning cycle to support a client in reflecting on a project that had not met expectations. By reviewing the experience, analysing contributing factors, conceptualizing lessons learned, and experimenting with new approaches, the client was able to reframe setbacks as valuable learning opportunities. This reflective process enhanced their resilience and encouraged a growth mindset. When challenges arose such as resistance to feedback or difficulty sustaining motivation, I drew on motivational interviewing techniques (Miller & Rollnick, 2013), which complemented coaching by fostering autonomy, self-efficacy, and intrinsic motivation.

Practitioner organizations emphasize the importance of flexibility in coaching. The EMCC (2022) advises that coaches should avoid rigid adherence to a single model and instead blend approaches based on context and client needs. My own practice reflects this principle; while I often begin with GROW, I may shift toward purposeful questioning, narrative coaching, or strengths-based approaches when appropriate. This adaptability ensures that coaching remains relevant, personalized, and impactful, supporting clients in achieving meaningful and sustainable change.

Reflective Practice in Coaching

Reflection is essential for ongoing coaching development, serving as a cornerstone for both personal growth and professional effectiveness. Schon (1983) distinguished between two types of reflection: reflection in action, which occurs during the coaching process, and reflection on action, which takes place afterward. Both are critical to refining practice. For example, during a coaching session, I may notice that a client disengages when certain topics arise. Reflection in action prompts me to adjust my approach in real time perhaps by reframing questions, shifting focus, or slowing the pace to re-engage the client. After the session, reflection on action allows me to delve deeper into why the disengagement occurred, explore alternative strategies, and incorporate these insights into future sessions.

The Johari Window (Luft & Ingham, 1961) offers a useful framework for understanding how reflection enhances self-awareness by reducing blind spots. Maintaining a reflective journal has helped me identify recurring patterns in my coaching style, for instance, a tendency to overuse questioning at the expense of allowing silence, which can be a powerful tool for client introspection. This awareness has led to more balanced and intentional interactions.

Supervision has also played a vital role in my reflective practice. Both the International Coaching Federation (ICF, 2021) and the European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC, 2022) advocate for regular supervision as a space for ethical reflection, feedback, and skill enhancement. My own experiences in group supervision have provided not only constructive critique but also a sense of community and reassurance, affirming that challenges and uncertainties are a natural part of coaching.

Importantly, reflective practice involves embracing vulnerability. Acknowledging mistakes such as misreading a clients emotional cues or making assumptions has deepened my empathy and sharpened my attentiveness. In this way, reflection is not merely an academic exercise but a lived, ongoing commitment to authenticity, humility, and continuous improvement. It transforms coaching from a technical skill into a relational and ethical practice.

AC 1.3 Analysing the roles and responsibilities for delivering and managing professional coaching.

My personal coaching philosophy is a dynamic integration of theoretical models, ethical commitments, and reflective practice. I view coaching as a collaborative and evolving relationship that balances structure with flexibility, challenge with support, and accountability with empathy. While I frequently use the GROW model as a foundational framework to guide sessions, I place greater emphasis on the quality of the coaching relationship itself. Drawing on Carl Rogers’ (2004) person centred approach, I strive to embody empathy, congruence, and unconditional positive regard, believing that these relational qualities are essential for creating a safe and empowering space for clients.

I see coaching not as a process of giving answers, but as a facilitative journey of self-discovery. My role is to help clients unlock their potential, build confidence in their own decision making, and develop the resilience needed to navigate challenges. Reflection is central to this philosophy. By regularly examining my own practice, I remain conscious of my biases, assumptions, and areas for growth. This reflective stance ensures that I evolve alongside my clients, maintaining authenticity and humility in my approach.

Inclusivity and cultural sensitivity are also core values. I recognize that every coaching relationship is shaped by diverse backgrounds, identities, and lived experiences. Approaching each client with curiosity and respect allows me to foster trust and tailor my approach to their unique context. My philosophy aligns with the ethical standards set by professional bodies such as the ICF and EMCC, ensuring that integrity, confidentiality, and professionalism remain at the forefront of my work.

My coaching philosophy is not static. It grows with experience, learning, and feedback. What remains unwavering is my commitment to fostering growth, resilience, and authenticity in those I coach, helping them thrive both personally and professionally.

Ethics and Professional Standards

Ethics underpin every facet of coaching, serving as a foundation for trust, professionalism, and responsible practice. Professional bodies such as the International Coaching Federation (ICF) and the European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC) provide comprehensive codes of ethics that outline expectations around confidentiality, boundaries, and conduct (ICF, 2021; EMCC, 2022). These guidelines are not merely theoretical, they inform real-world decisions and dilemmas that coaches frequently encounter.

A common ethical challenge arises when balancing the interests of an organizational sponsor with those of the individual client. For example, if a sponsor requests updates on a client’s performance, the coach must uphold confidentiality while remaining transparent about the limits of information sharing. This highlights the importance of clear contracting at the outset of the engagement, where expectations, boundaries, and reporting structures are explicitly defined to avoid misunderstandings and protect all parties involved.

Ethical boundaries also extend to the scope of practice. Coaches are not therapists, and it is essential to recognise when a client’s needs fall outside the coaching remit. In such cases, referring clients to qualified professionals is not only ethical but also in the client’s best interest (Bachkirova, Cox, & Clutterbuck, 2014).

Cultural sensitivity is another vital ethical consideration. As CIPD (2020) emphasizes, failing to acknowledge and respect diversity can perpetuate systemic biases. In my own coaching practice, I have collaborated with clients whose cultural values differ significantly from mine. Approaching these interactions with openness, curiosity, and humility has been key to fostering respect and building authentic relationships.

Ultimately adherence to ethical standards protects clients, strengthens the coaching relationship, and elevates the credibility of the profession. By embodying integrity, transparency, and respect, coaches contribute to a culture of trust that enables meaningful, inclusive, and sustainable change.

Conclusion

Effective coaching requires a thoughtful integration of theory, guiding principles, reflective practice, and ethical standards. Theoretical models such as the GROW framework, Kolb’s experiential learning cycle, and the Johari Window offer valuable structure and insight into the coaching process. These models help coaches facilitate goal setting, encourage learning through experience, and promote self-awareness. Alongside theory, core principles like active listening, powerful questioning, goal setting, and building trust create the psychological safety and clarity necessary for meaningful growth and transformation.

Practical application is where these elements come to life. Coaches translate theory and principles into tailored strategies that support clients in achieving tangible outcomes. Reflection is equally vital, it allows coaches to evaluate their approach, recognize patterns, and adapt to the evolving needs of their clients. Reflective practice fosters continuous learning and ensures that coaching remains responsive and relevant.

Ethics and professional standards, as outlined by bodies such as the ICF and EMCC, safeguard the integrity of coaching. They establish clear expectations around confidentiality, boundaries, and professionalism, reinforcing coaching’s credibility as a respected discipline. Adhering to these standards ensures that coaches act with integrity and accountability.

A personal coaching philosophy weaves these components into a coherent, value driven approach. Grounded in empathy, inclusivity, and professionalism, it reflects the coach’s commitment to fostering authentic relationships and supporting diverse clients needs.

This reflective assessment highlights that coaching is not a rigid set of techniques but a dynamic, relational process. When theory, practice, reflection, and ethics are aligned, coaching becomes a powerful catalyst for sustainable change and personal empowerment.

AC 2.1 Evaluating the role and purpose of contracting in professional coaching.

Introduction

Professional coaching is a structured, client centred process that facilitates personal and professional growth. It is underpinned by ethical standards, clear boundaries, and mutual agreements. Contracting and delivery are two critical phases that ensure coaching is effective, ethical, and aligned with the clients goals. This reflection evaluates the role and purpose of contracting in professional coaching and discusses the process for delivering coaching in a professional context.

Evaluating the Role and Purpose of Contracting in Professional Coaching

In coaching, contracting means the formal and informal agreements made between the coach and the client (and sometimes the sponsor, such as an employer). These agreements outline the scope, objectives, logistics, confidentiality, responsibilities, and ethical boundaries of the coaching relationship.

Contracting plays a vital role by serving multiple purposes:

1. Establishing Clarity and Expectations

2. Creating Psychological Safety

3. Defining Scope and Boundaries

4. Ensuring Accountability

5. Legal and Ethical Protection

6. Facilitating Sponsor Involvement.

Through contracting, coaches and clients ensure that both parties understand the purpose of coaching, the expected outcomes, and the roles they will play. It sets the tone for a transparent and collaborative relationship. A well-structured contract helps build trust. Clients feel safe knowing that confidentiality is respected, boundaries are clear, and the coach is committed to the ethical code of practice.

It clearly defines what coaching entails and what it is not. It prevents scope creep, where coaching might unintentionally drift into therapy, consultancy, or mentoring. Contracts often include mechanisms for feedback, review, and evaluation. This helps both coach and client stay accountable to the agreed goals and process.

Having a formal contract safeguard both parties legally and ethically. It ensures compliance with professional standards such as those set by the International Coaching Federation (ICF) or European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC). In organizational settings, contracting may involve a third party (the sponsor). This ensures alignment between the coaching goals and organizational objectives, while maintaining confidentiality and autonomy for the client.

There are three distinct levels of contracting:

– Organizational Contracting

– Relational Contracting

– Psychological Contracting

Some familiar challenges in contracting are ambiguity in roles, especially in internal coaching, changing goals that require renegotiation, and balancing confidentiality with transparency. To overcome these challenges, best practices involve using written contracts with clear terms, revisiting contracts as needed, including ethical guidelines, and clarifying the role of sponsors.

Expanded Examples in Contracting

For example, in an organizational coaching engagement, a coach may be hired to support leadership development across a management team. The contract would typically specify the number of sessions, their frequency, duration, and format whether in person, virtual, or hybrid. It would also outline confidentiality terms, including what information remains private between coach and client, and what may be shared with the sponsor. If the sponsor is the HR department, the contract must clearly define the boundaries of feedback such as whether progress reports will be shared, and if so, whether they will include qualitative insights or only attendance and engagement metrics. This protects the clients psychological safety and ensures transparency for all parties involved.

In another scenario, a coach working with a small business owner may include clauses about rescheduling policies, payment terms, cancellation fees, and the use of digital tools like Zoom or coaching platforms. These details help prevent misunderstandings and ensure a smooth coaching experience. The contract may also address data protection, especially if sessions are recorded or notes are stored online. By setting clear expectations upfront, both coach and client can focus on the coaching process itself, fostering trust, accountability, and a productive working relationship.

AC 2.2 Discussing the Process for Delivering Professional Coaching

The delivery of professional coaching follows a structured yet flexible approach that adapts to the clients needs. The process typically includes the following stages:

1. Initial Engagement and Relationship Building

2. Goal Setting and Contracting

3. Assessment and Exploration

4. Action Planning and Implementation

5. Review and Evaluation

6. Closure and Follow-Up

At the outset, the focus is on establishing rapport and trust. The coach creates a safe, non-judgmental space where the client feels heard and respected. Techniques such as active listening, empathy, and presence are crucial.

In the goal setting and contracting stage, the coach helps the client articulate clear, measurable goals (SMART). These goals form the foundation of the coaching journey. Contracting is finalised during this phase, ensuring alignment between expectations and process.

During assessment and exploration, the coach supports the client in exploring current realities, strengths, challenges, and limiting beliefs. Tools such as the GROW model, OSCAR model, or psychometric assessments may be used. This phase encourages deep reflection and insight.

Clients then craft strategies and action plans to move toward their goals. The coach facilitates accountability, motivation, and problem solving. Techniques may include SMART goal setting, visualization, and reframing.

Regular reviews help track progress. The coach and client assess what is working, what needs adjustment, and how the coaching is impacting the clients personal or professional life. Feedback is exchanged, and goals may be refined.

Coaching wraps up with a final review of achievements and learning. The coach may offer follow up sessions or resources to support continued growth. Closure is handled with care to honour the journey and celebrate progress.

Elaboration on Coaching Models and Techniques

The GROW model Goal, Reality, Options and Will is widely used for structuring coaching conversations. It helps clients clarify their goals, assess their current situation, explore strategies, and commit to action. For instance, a client aiming to improve time management may use the GROW model to identify distractions, brainstorm solutions like time-blocking, and commit to implementing a new schedule.

The CLEAR model, Contracting, Listening, Exploring, Action, Review emphasizes the importance of contracting and reflection. It is particularly useful in executive coaching where clarity and accountability are paramount. Coaches may use this model to guide leaders through strategic decision-making processes, especially when navigating complex interpersonal or organizational challenges.

Before engaging in coaching, many clients particularly in corporate settings may undergo 360-degree feedback. This process gathers input from peers, direct reports, and supervisors to provide a holistic view of the client’s strengths and development areas. The insights from 360 feedback often inform the coaching goals and help the coach and client prioritize areas for growth.

Building on this, the OSCAR model, Outcome, Situation, Choices, Actions, Review is another effective framework for coaching delivery. It begins with clarifying the desired Outcome, ensuring alignment with both personal aspirations and organizational objectives. The Situation phase involves exploring the current context, often using data from tools like 360 feedback to ground the conversation. The coach then facilitates the generation of Choices, encouraging the client to consider multiple pathways forward. Once a decision is made, the client commits to specific Actions, and the final Review stage ensures accountability and learning.

For example, a senior manager seeking to improve team engagement might use the OSCAR model to interpret feedback from their team, identify communication gaps, explore leadership styles, and implement new strategies such as regular check-ins or collaborative goal setting. The review phase would then assess the impact of these changes and refine the approach as needed.

Together, these models GROW, CLEAR, and OSCAR can offer complementary structures that support a wide range of coaching scenarios, from tactical problem-solving to strategic leadership development.

Additional Insights into Ethical Considerations

Practicing coaching ethically also means cultural sensitivity and inclusivity. Coaches must be aware of their own biases and ensure that their approach respects the client’s background and values. For example, a coach collaborating with clients from diverse cultures should avoid assumptions and use inclusive language.

Additionally, coaches must consider informed consent. Clients should be fully aware of the coaching process, potential risks, and their rights. This includes understanding how their data will be stored and used, especially in digital coaching platforms.

Expanded Delivery Formats

Group coaching is gaining traction in organizations aiming to foster team cohesion and shared learning. For example, a coach may facilitate sessions for a project team to improve collaboration and communication. These sessions often include group exercises, peer feedback, and collective goal setting.

In today’s remote work culture, virtual coaching is indispensable in remote work environments. Coaches use video conferencing tools, digital whiteboards, and online assessments to maintain engagement. While virtual coaching offers flexibility, it also requires coaches to be adept at managing technology and creating presence in a digital space.

Blended coaching merges the strengths of in-person and virtual formats. A coach may begin with face-to-face sessions to build rapport and then transition to virtual meetings for convenience. This format is ideal for clients with dynamic schedules or those located in different regions.

Conclusion

At the heart of professional coaching lie contracting and delivery to professional coaching. Contracting ensures clarity, safety, and ethical alignment, while the delivery process facilitates meaningful change through structured support and reflection. Coaches must be skilled in both areas to create impactful, sustainable outcomes for their clients. By adhering to best practices and ethical standards, professional coaching can be a transformative experience that empowers individuals and organizations alike.

Referencing and Bibliography

Use the box below to cite any external sources used in your assessment:

References

Bachkirova, T., Cox, E. & Clutterbuck, D., 2014. The complete handbook of coaching. 2nd ed. London: Sage.

Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), 2020. Diversity and inclusion at work. [online] CIPD. Available at: <https://www.cipd.co.uk> [Accessed 5 Nov. 2025].

Doran, G.T., 1981. There’s a S.M.A.R.T. way to write management’s goals and objectives. Management Review, 70(11), pp.35–36.

European Mentoring and Coaching Council (EMCC), 2022. Global code of ethics. [online] EMCC. Available at: <https://www.emccglobal.org> [Accessed 5 Nov. 2025].

Grant, A.M., 2012. Making positive change: A solution-focused approach to coaching. Coaching Psychologist, 8(2), pp.118–126.

International Coach Federation (ICF), 2021. Code of ethics. [online] ICF. Available at: <https://coachingfederation.org> [Accessed 5 Nov. 2025].

Kolb, D.A., 1984. Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Luft, J. & Ingham, H., 1961. The Johari window: A graphic model of awareness in interpersonal relations. University of California.

Miller, W.R. & Rollnick, S., 2013. Motivational interviewing: Helping people change. 3rd ed. New York: Guilford Press.

Passmore, J., 2021. The psychology of coaching and mentoring. London: Routledge.

Rogers, C., 2004. On becoming a person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Schon, D.A., 1983. The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. New York: Basic Books.

Starr, J., 2016. The coaching manual: The definitive guide to the process, principles, and skills of personal coaching. 4th ed. Harlow: Pearson.

Whitmore, J., 2017. Coaching for performance. 5th ed. London: Nicholas Brealey.

Work-based Evidence

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