Chimneys or smokestacks are a typical feature of modern society’s fluid waste disposal methods as witnessed by the various: Computer Aided Engineering Design Course Work, FC, UK

Chimneys or smokestacks are a typical feature of modern society’s fluid waste disposal methods as witnessed by the various visible gaseous emissions into the atmosphere from domestic and industrial smokestacks and cooling towers or mobile exhausts.

Other ‘non‐visible’ examples are represented by the releases of liquid into coastal water, rivers, and lakes from a variety of sources, mining, and oil extraction operations; Tomàs et al. chemical reactors, and various plants for waste treatment and desalination facilities. Many other variants can be found in the specific field of energy production, where such configurations are a characteristic feature of thermal discharges from nuclear and fossil‐fueled electricity generation plants Lee and Asce Fregni et al.

They can also exist at a smaller scale in typical problems relating to the cooling of computer motherboards and related CPUs and memories Sun and Jaluria; Biswas et al. or in combustion chambers as a result of the presence of holes or orifices for fuel injection and dilution; Baltasar et al. Similar concepts also apply to the manufacturing industry, where gas furnaces are commonly used for the heat treatment of metals.

In the built environment, such configurations are widespread in emergency ventilation and air conditioning systems in buildings Venkatasubbaiah and Jaluria; Subudhi et al; Morsli et al; Harish and can be found, in general, in every technological situation in which a heat exchanger is required.